The chronograph is, without doubt, one of the most popular complications. It's also one of the complications that can be used on a daily basis, however, what most people do not realise, is that the chronograph mechanism is among the most complex mechanisms to design and manufacture. For horology connoisseurs, there aren't many experiences that are as rewarding as admiring the intricacies of a fine manual wind column-wheel chronograph. Here is everything you need to know about chronographs?–?An introduction to time writers' – from chronograph scales and flyback chronograph through split-second chronographs, foudroyante, column-wheel versus cams, horizontal versus vertical clutch, and integrated versus modular chronographs.The originsChronograph can be directly translated from its Greek origins, a chronograph?writes time?(chronos=time, graphein=to write). However, chronographs actually allow us to display elapsed time intervals, and therefore should actually be called?chronoscopes.?The word chronograph' was invented by?Nicolas Mathieu Rieussec, a watchmaker for the French King Louis XVIII. His invention actually writes time, as it?inks measured times intervals on a rotating dial. However, timekeepers allowing to measure time intervals predate Rieussec. As early as 1776, Pouzait manufactured watches whose second hand could be stopped and restarted (not reset though).The?Nicolas Mathieu Rieussec chronograph, which inks measured intervals on rotating dials – thought to be the first of its kind for a long period.The Louis Moinet compteur de tierces' pocket watch was discovered in 2013 and is remarkable. According to the markings on the case, it was made in 1815-1816. Designed to time the passage of stars, it measures events to the 60th?of a second with start, stop and reset functions. To reach this impressive precision its balance wheel beats at an impressive 216,000 vibrations per hour. Mind you, the average normal' mechanical movement these days beats at 28,800 vibrations per hour. The central hand indicates the sixtieth of a second; the second, minutes and hours are recorded on separate subdials. The Moinet creation was endowed with a start, stop and reset function.? Ad - Scroll to continue with article Louis Moinet compteur de tierces'Until the 1930s, chronographs featured a single pusher to trigger the start-stop-reset functions always in the same sequence – a construction known as Mono-Pusher. The introduction of a second pusher allowed it to be stopped and restarted without the need to reset. There again, this function was already found in Moinet's revolutionary compteur de tierce' with its two pushers.Over the years, several mechanisms were invented to enhance their precision and improve chronographs. The Austrian chronometer maker Winnerl designed a split second mechanism in 1838 with a heart-shaped cam. At?the beginning of the 20th century, the sizes of chronographs were reduced to be fitted into wristwatches. Watchmakers also developed less expensive and simpler chronograph movements, in particular, with the invention of cams, to eventually replace the complex, high-end column-wheels to command chronograph functions. Surprisingly, the first automatic chronographs didn't appear till the late 1960s, when three rivalling projects were competing in a true race to present the first automatic chronograph, which they did in early 1969: Zenith (with the famous El Primero movement – integrated, column-wheel, high-beat movement), a Heuer-Breitling-Buren partnership (with the Chronomatic – modular movement based on a micro-rotor calibre with module on the movement side) and, somehow more discretely, Seiko (with the ref.6139 – integrated, vertical clutch, column wheel).A 1969 Heuer Monaco Calibre 11, housing a Chronomatic movement. The Chronomatic was based on a Buren micro-rotor slim movement with the addition of a Dubois-Depraz chronograph module. The project was initiated by Jack Heuer and?Willy Breitling. The team was completed by Buren that would be soon acquired by Hamilton.Chronograph scalesSeveral scales might be indicated on chronographs. Among the most frequent ones, tachymeters, pulsometers and telemeters provide additional functions, while also giving them that “special touch”.Tachymeter Scales?allow the measurement of speed. To do so, the user starts and then stops the chronograph at a given marker, of a certain distance (in general one kilometre or one mile). The chronograph second hand indicates the corresponding speed on the scale.The Daytona 116500LN, with a tachymeter scale engraved on its ceramic bezelPulsometers, The so-called doctor's watches, are chronographs which feature a scale allowing a simple and reliable rapid heart rate reading. The doctor starts the chronograph, counts a determined number of pulsations (usually it is calibrated for 15 or 30), stops the chronograph to read the patient's pulse per minute on the pulsometer scale.The elegant and understated Patek Philippe 5170G-001 featuring a pulsometer “gradue pour 15 pulsations”Telemeters allows the measuring of distance to an event, for instance, artillery firing or lightning, which can be seen and heard, using the difference between the speed of light and of sound. The chronograph is started when the event is seen and stopped when it is heard. The chronograph seconds hand indicates the distance from the event on the telemetric scale.The?TAG Heuer Carrera Calibre 18 Chronograph Telemeter, with its vintage telemetric scale around the dialFly-backAlso known as retour-en-vol' in French, flyback chronographs can be returned to zero and restarted instantly with only a single push of a button. Appreciated by pilots for the time it saves, this function allows beginning a new timing session quickly without the need of pressing pushers three times in succession to stop, reset and start the chronograph.The Breguet Type XX, one of the most famous watches with Retour-En-Vol / Fly-Back complicationSplit-second chronograph (Rattrapante in French or Doppelchronograph in German)A split-second chronograph features 2 superimposed second-hands which time 2 events of different lengths simultaneously. One hand (the Rattrapante) can be stopped to read an intermediate time while the other one (the trotteuse) keeps running. A second push on the Rattrapante pusher will allow the stopped hand to catch up with the moving hand.Patek Philippe split-second chronograph reference 1436 in stainless steel, produced in the 1940sSplit-seconds mechanisms are among the most complex to design and manufacture. Usually, a rattrapante wheel works in unison with the chronograph centre wheel, the heart-shaped cam ensures the chronograph and rattrapante hands are in perfect harmony. The rattrapante wheel is stopped by a clamp closed by the second column-wheel. Watchmakers have designed isolator systems, the purpose of which is to prevent friction which in turn would cause amplitude losses when the rattrapante is stopped. Pressing the rattrapante push-piece again, the clamp opens releasing the rattrapante wheel. The isolator is released and thanks to the heart-shaped cam, the two hands are superimposed again.Up-close with the intricacies of the stunning A. Lange & Sohne double split movement. On top of the balance wheel, the second column-wheel commanding the clamp to stop or release the rattrapante wheel. The Double split features two pairs of stopwatch hands (seconds/minutes) to time events that last up to 30 minutesFoudroyanteA chronograph with foudroyante allows measurement of fractions of a second. Usually, the foudroyante hands completed one revolution per seconds. Traditionally, these are measured on a subdial and show fourth, fifth, sixth or eighth of a second (depending on the beat rate of the movement).The foudroyante hand traditionally takes its energy from the main barrel, but some watchmakers, given its energy consumption, have developed systems with a separate barrel to power the chronograph and foudroyante such as the Jaeger-Lecoultre Duometrea chronographe with its dual-wheel train regulated by the same oscillator.The Jaeger-Lecoultre Duometrea Chronographe. Its dual wing caliber contains two barrels, one of which is dedicated to the chronograph allowing to display a foudroyante seconds divided in six units at 6 o'clockColumn wheel Vs.?CamThe traditional system to command the start, stop and reset functions of the chronograph is the column wheel. As the column-wheel rotates by increments when the chronograph pushers are pressed, the chronograph parts are driven by levers that fall into and out of the spaces between the teeth. A column-wheel and its characteristic architecture (left). The splendid Montblanc Minerva M16.19 chronograph movement and its column-wheel (right).A column-wheel mechanism by Glashutte Original. Column-wheel chronographs require precision in design and manufacturing.A simpler, cost-effective solution which is much easier to produce, assemble and service is based on a cam system. Pushes on the chronograph buttons move the cam to start, stop or reset the chronograph. If cam-actuated chronographs also prove to be robust, reliable and efficient the column-wheel chronograph are regarded as a more noble, elegant and traditional solution.The trustworthy and widely used ETA-Valjoux?7750. On the left?side, opposite to the balance wheel, is the?cam driving the stopwatch functions. Considered in the industry as a workhorse', the 7750 uses a sliding pinion for chronograph coupling.Horizontal vs. vertical clutchThe usual working principle of chronographs is based on a connection between the chronograph and the regular timekeeping gear trains. This coupling was traditionally done horizontally thanks to a gear which is free to pivot and allows the connection of the gear train to the chronograph centre wheel. A solution invented and patented by Tag Heuer in 1887, the oscillating pinion, allows the pinion which is constantly engaged with the second wheel of the movement to couple or de-couple with the chronograph wheel train. When the oscillating pinion is engaged, the chronograph is running.The Vacheron Constantin 3300 column-wheel chronograph caliber. A 14 ? '' movement with manual winding. The back of the movement shows the wheel (red arrow) that couples horizontally the center chronograph wheel and second wheel of the timekeeping gear train (blue arrows).As its name indicates, with a vertical clutch, the coupling of the chronograph mechanism is positioned vertically and by friction, similar to the systems found in automobiles. While horizontal clutches are aesthetically appealing, simple and thinner mechanisms, the theoretical advantages of vertical clutch chronographs is that there are no teeth to engage or disengage, a principle that may cause the jump of the chronograph second hand when the teeth mesh. In addition, the teeth may wear overtime with horizontal clutches.The 4130 column-wheel chronograph, a modern construction featuring a vertical clutch. Presented in 2000, the 4130 replaced the Zenith El Primero to power the iconic Daytona.Integrated vs.?modular chronographsThere are fundamentally only two types of chronographs designs: modular or integrated. The integrated chronograph is a movement that was designed to be a chronograph from its inception. All the chronograph functions are built-in which is the most elegant and appropriate solution.The?integrated chronograph movement by Patek Philippe, the Calibre CH28-520. As you can see, the parts engaging and controlling the chronograph are integrated into the movement and not affixed on top of it.On the other hand, a modular chronograph is using a base calibre on which a chronograph module is added. This allows much flexibility and offers the possibility to take advantage of economies of scale from the production of the base calibre. Nestled in the Vallee de Joux, Dubois-Depraz designs and manufactures additional movements for some of the greatest names in the industry and has a wealth of expertise in the production of chronograph modules.Other posts in “A Technical Perspective“:?Escapements, Jewel Bearings, Moon Phase Watches, Travel Watches and Haute Horlogerie Finishing.article edited 20 March 2020.